The United States Intelligence Community

“Our job is to effectively integrate foreign military and domestic intelligence
in defense of the homeland and of United States interests abroad.”

Former Director of National Intelligence John D. Negroponte

Introduction to the Intelligence Community (IC)

The National Security Act of 1947, the Central Intelligence Agency Act of 1949, and the Intelligence Reform and Terrorist Prevention Act of 2004 are the cornerstones for the US foreign intelligence system. These acts created the National Security Council (NSC), the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), and the Director of National Intelligence (DNI), giving all three a statutory charter. A number of Executive Orders and Acts have also helped form the Intelligence Community (IC) as it exists today. These Executive Orders established additional Intelligence organizations and delineated specific responsibilities. The Executive Order which has had the most influence is Executive Order 12333. President Ronald Reagan signed Executive Order 12333 in 1981, although follow-on Presidents have amended it in response to the changing international environment. Executive Order 12333 spells out the responsibilities of the National Security Council (NSC), the National Foreign Intelligence Advisory Groups, and the individual members of the Intelligence Community. It directs the Intelligence Community to carry out Intelligence activities necessary to conduct foreign relations and to protect US national security. These activities include the production and dissemination of finished intelligence which requires continuous and effective coordination between intelligence personnel and the policy-making elements within the US government.

The various Executive Orders and Acts use the term “intelligence” to refer to both “foreign intelligence” and “counterintelligence”. “Foreign intelligence” refers to information relating to the capabilities, intentions, or activities of foreign governments or elements thereof, foreign organizations, or foreign persons. “Counterintelligence” means information gathered and activities conducted to protect against espionage, other intelligence activities, sabotage, or assassinations conducted by or on behalf of foreign governments or elements thereof, foreign organizations, foreign persons, or international activities.

The Intelligence Reform and Terrorist Prevention Act of 2004 created the Director of National Intelligence (DNI), an idea initially proposed in 1955 by a blue-ribbon study commissioned by Congress. Prior to 2004, the Director of Central Intelligence (DCI) served in a coordinating role for the Intelligence Community, but the influence and attention of the DCI in managing the IC varied, depending on the personality of the DCI. The 1955 study noted that the DCI concentrated too heavily on the day-to-day operations of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), rather than focusing on the coordination of the overall US Intelligence effort by all IC members.

The 1955 study recommended that the Director of Central Intelligence should employ a deputy to run the CIA so that the director could focus on IC issues. This notion emerged as a consistent

theme in many subsequent studies of the Intelligence Community commissioned by both the legislative and executive branches over the next five decades. It was the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001 on New York and Washington that finally moved forward the longstanding call for major Intelligence reform and the creation of a Director of National Intelligence.

Investigations after the 11 September 2001 attacks included a joint Congressional inquiry and the independent National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States (better known as the 9/11 Commission). The report of the 9/11 Commission in July 2004 proposed sweeping changes in the Intelligence Community, including the creation of a “National Intelligence Director (NID).” Soon after the release of the Commission’s report, the Federal Government moved forward to undertake reform. President George W. Bush signed four Executive Orders in August 2004, which strengthened and reformed the Intelligence Community as much as possible without legislation. In Congress, both the House and Senate passed bills with major amendments to the National Security Act of 1947. Intense negotiations to reconcile the two bills ultimately led to the HYPERLINK “http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=108_cong_public_laws&docid=f:publ458.108.pdf” Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004, which President Bush signed into law on 8 December. In February 2005, the President announced that John D. Negroponte, ambassador to Iraq, would become the first Director of National Intelligence (DNI) and Lt. General Michael V. Hayden, USAF, as the first Principal Deputy DNI.

Currently the Intelligence Community (IC) is a loose conglomeration of 16 agencies, each having a specific or unique “intelligence” function. All 16 agencies, including the CIA, now report to the DNI on Intelligence matters. Various executive departments of government, particularly the Department of Defense, still have administrative support responsibilities for 15 of the 16 Intelligence agencies; the exception is the CIA, which is autonomous.

The formal members of the US Intelligence Community (IC) include:

The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
The Bureau of Intelligence and Research of the State Department (INR)
The Intelligence Element of the Energy Department
The Intelligence Element of the Treasury Department
The Intelligence Division of the Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI)
The Intelligence Division of the Department of Homeland Security
The Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)
The Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA)
The National Security Agency (NSA)
The National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA)
The National Reconnaissance Office (NRO)
The Intelligence Elements of:
The Department of the Army
The Department of the Navy
The Department of the Air Force
The Marine Corps
The Coast Guard

The Changing Roles of the DCI and the DNI

The National Security Act of 1947 charged the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) with correlating, evaluating, and disseminating Intelligence affecting US national security. The National Security Act also directed the CIA to perform “other Intelligence-related duties and functions as required by the National Security Council (NSC),” thus allowing a broad interpretation of “missions” later conducted by the CIA. Additionally, the 1947 Act made the Director of Central Intelligence (DCI) responsible for protecting intelligence sources and methods.

Two years later, Congress updated the National Security Act with the Central Intelligence Agency Act of 1949. The 1949 update provided administrative procedures for the CIA to keep its budget confidential, exempting the CIA from many of the usual fiscal limits placed on the expenditures of federal funds. The CIA could include (read “hide”) some of its funding in the budgets of other government departments, transferring the funds to CIA without regard to the restrictions placed upon the initial appropriation. Often called “black money,” this Act remains the statutory authority for the secrecy of the Agency’s budget. In 1993, however, Congress clarified and placed restrictions on when funds could transfer from one agency to another within the Intelligence Community. In order to protect Intelligence sources and methods from disclosure, the 1949 Act exempted CIA from having to disclose its “organization, functions, names, officials, titles, salaries, or numbers of personnel employed.”

In April 1953, Congress once again amended the National Security Act of 1947, creating the Deputy Director of Central Intelligence (DDCI) position. This amendment also stated that commissioned officers in the armed forces, whether active or retired, could not occupy both the DCI and the DDCI positions at the same time. Although the 1955 Congressional blue-ribbon study recommended that the DDCI concentrate on the day-to-day operations of the CIA, the role and influence of the Deputy Director within CIA varied with each DCI.

The events of September 2001 surfaced a number of issues within the Intelligence Community that called for adjustment or reform. One such concern was the tendency of the DCI to concentrate on the CIA at the expense of the rest of the Intelligence Community. With the passing of the Intelligence Reform and Terrorist Prevention Act of 2004, the Director of National Intelligence (DNI) assumed responsibility for several roles previously filled by the DCI. These included:

Head of the US Intelligence Community.

Principle advisor to the President and the National Security Council (NSC) for Intelligence matters related to national security.

Additionally, the 2004 Act gave the DNI more influence over the Intelligence Budget and more authority over the 16 agencies which comprise the US Intelligence Community. To assist the DNI in carrying out responsibilities, the IC’s Community Management Staff (CMS) shifted from the DCI to the DNI. While no longer called CMS, the budgetary and management functions of the old CMS are now within the Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI).

Also shifting from the DCI to the DNI was the National Intelligence Council (NIC), which serves as the Intelligence Community’s “think tank.”

 

The Director of National Intelligence (DNI)

As noted on the previous page, the Director of National Intelligence (DNI) serves as the head of the Intelligence Community (IC). The DNI also acts as the principal advisor to the President; the National Security Council; and the Homeland Security Council for Intelligence matters related to national security. In addition, the DNI oversees and directs the “National Intelligence Program,” which is the Intelligence Community’s budget. Assisting the DNI is the Principal Deputy Director of National Intelligence (PDDNI). The President is responsible for nominating for Senate confirmation those individuals who fill both the DNI and the PDDNI positions.

Among the tasks given to the DNI are:

• To collect, analyze, and disseminate accurate, timely, and objective Intelligence to decision- and policy-makers, independent of political considerations.
• To manage the US Government’s National Intelligence Program (NIP), i.e., the Intelligence Budget.
• To transform and use technical and human capabilities to stay ahead of evolving threats to the United States.
• To deploy effective counterintelligence measures that enhance and protect US activities to ensure the integrity of the Intelligence system, technology, armed forces, and the Government’s decision-making processes.
• To perform duties under law in a manner that respects the civil liberties and privacy of all Americans.

Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI)

The structure of the Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI) allows the DNI to meet the above mission obligations. For example, within the ODNI structure is a Civil Liberties and Protection Officer, who ensures that US Intelligence programs, particularly collection programs, remain within the laws of the United States. The ODNI has a program manager for information sharing within the Intelligence Community to ensure that raw Intelligence data reaches all agencies assessing a particular problem, issue or threat. To exploit technological developments, the ODNI has an assistant director for science and technology, to identify new discoveries having a potential application for Intelligence collection and analysis. Four deputy directors are responsible for identifying Intelligence requirements and priorities; monitoring strategic collection programs; insuring all-source analysis of threat situations and potential conflicts; and managing policy, plans and the budget for the Intelligence Community. On the next page is the current organization structure of the ODNI.

SHAPE \* MERGEFORMAT

National Intelligence Council (NIC)

The National Intelligence Council (NIC) is the http://www.intelligence.gov Intelligence Community’s (IC’s) center for midterm and long-term strategic thinking. Unlike the Community Management Staff (CMS) which did not remain a separate entity within the ODNI structure during the 2005 transfer, the NIC moved from the DCI to the DNI in 2005 with few alterations. Its primary functions are to:

Support the DNI in his role as head of the Intelligence Community.
Serve as the Intelligence Community’s “Think Tank.”
Produce National Intelligence Estimates (NIEs) and Special National Intelligence Estimates (SNIE’s) on topics addressing national priorities or concerns.
Provide a focal point for policymakers to task the Intelligence Community to answer their questions.
Reach out to non-government experts in academia and the private sector to broaden the Intelligence Community’s perspective.
Contribute to the Intelligence Community’s effort to allocate its resources in response to policymakers’ changing needs.

The NIC ensures that analyses conform to “high standards,” and that “finished intelligence products employ proper analytic tradecraft.” It normally has thirteen senior analysts, called National Intelligence Officers (NIOs), who are substantive experts from the public and private sectors. (The position of NIO for Africa is currently vacant.) Each NIO concentrates on either a specific geographical area, such as Russia and Eurasia, or a functional area, such as economics and global issues.

The current composition of the NIC is:

Chairman Christopher A. Kojm
Vice Chairman Dr Vaughn F. Bishop
Counselor Dr Mathew J. Burrows
Chief of Staff, NIC Mark Roth
Senior Advisor, Global Health Security Dr Joy M. Miller
Director, Long Range Analysis Unit Casimir A. Yost
NIO for Europe Ambassador Richard D. Kauzlarich
NIO for Africa (Vacant)
NIO for Near East Alan Pino
NIO for East Asia Dr Paul Heer
NIO for South Asia Dr Neil H. Joeck
NIO for Russia and Eurasia Eugene B. Rumer
NIO for Western Hemisphere John F. McShane
NIO for Military Issues Maj Gen John R. Landry
NIO for Science and Technology Dr Lawrence K. Gershwin
NIO for Transnational Threats Julie E. Cohen
NIO for Warning Melissa Applegate
NIO for Economics Issues Roger Kubarych
NIO for WMD and Proliferation Andrew M. Gibb

The NIC is primarily responsible for producing National Intelligence Estimates (NIEs) which provide the collective judgments of the Intelligence Community on foreign and defense matters, including alternate views held by members of the Community. NIEs are the DNI’s most authoritative written judgments concerning national security issues. They contain the coordinated judgments of the Intelligence Community regarding the likely course of future events. The NIC’s goal is to provide policymakers with the best, unvarnished, and unbiased information—regardless of whether analytic judgments conform to US policy.
In addition to the NIEs, the NIOs also issue NIC Memorandums and other products on specific topics of policy interest affecting the national intelligence community. The NIC also evaluates intelligence products and makes recommendations to the DNI on issues of national security.

The Chairman of the NIC chairs the National Intelligence Production Board (NIPB), established in June 1992. The NIPB is the NIC Chairman’s tool for obtaining high-level Community assistance in advising the DNI on community-wide production–particularly the relevance, quality, and timeliness of the products going to the policymaking community.

Director of Central Intelligence (DCI)

While most of the Intelligence Community responsibilities have shifted to the Director of National Intelligence (DNI), the Director of Central Intelligence (DCI) remains one of the more important positions within the US Intelligence Community structure. Obviously, the DCI is the head of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), which remains the largest analytical Intelligence organization within the United States. Other responsibilities of the DCI include:

(1) The collection of foreign intelligence through human sources and by other appropriate means outside the boundaries of the United States or its territories. (NOTE: CIA cannot and does not have police, subpoena, or law enforcement powers or internal security functions on US territory.)

(2) The establishment of guidelines and overall direction for the collection of national Intelligence through human sources by those elements of the Intelligence Community authorized to undertake such collection. Additionally, the DCI will ensure that the most effective use is made of human intelligence resources and will weigh risks and benefits involved when US personnel and foreign operatives undertake a human intelligence collection effort.

(3) The coordination, development and production of finished Intelligence products related to national security, as appropriate.

(4) The performance of additional services of common concern to the elements of the Intelligence Community. (This can include the use of covert actions abroad during peace time, if approved by the President and subsequent notification of Congress.)

(5) The performance of other functions and duties related to Intelligence affecting the national security as the President or the National Security Council may direct.

THE FORMAL IC MEMBERS

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)

The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), located in Langley, Virginia, is unique in the Intelligence Community because it is an autonomous organization rather than a staff element of a larger government Department. Also, it differs from the rest of the Community because it has an operational function–it serves as the primary agency responsible for the conduct of special activities (covert actions). Partly because of this uniqueness, most CIA employees tend to see themselves as the elite of the Intelligence profession. They also view Intelligence personnel in the other agencies or services as soldiers or foreign service officers first and intelligence professionals second.

In addition to its operational function (covert actions), the CIA has the following intelligence responsibilities and missions:

(1) Functional manager and lead agency for overt and clandestine collection of foreign human intelligence (HUMINT).

(2) Responsible for conducting counterintelligence abroad.

(3) Conducts research and development of technical collection systems.

(4) Responsible for the production of finished intelligence on political, military (limited), economic (selected countries), biographic (nonmilitary personalities), sociological, and scientific and technical subjects.

The Central Intelligence Agency produces a wide variety of finished intelligence products which focus on worldwide, regional, and functional issues. These products range from quick-reaction, informal briefings to complex, long-term research studies. The majority of CIA’s products are designed to support national-level policy deliberation.

The Central Intelligence Agency has four major directorates which focus on the various missions and responsibilities listed above. These directorates fall under the direct supervision of the Executive Director of CIA, who oversees the day-to-day operations of the agency.

(1) Directorate for Operations (DO): This directorate is headed by the Deputy Director for Operations (DDO) and has primary responsibility for the clandestine collection of foreign intelligence, including HUMINT. Domestically, the DDO is responsible for the overt collection of foreign intelligence volunteered by individuals and organizations in the United States, and data on foreign activities collected by other US Government agencies. Since 1992, the DDO has been assisted by an Associate Deputy Director for Military Affairs, who facilitates CIA cooperation with the military services.

(2) Directorate for Science and Technology (DS&T): Headed by the Deputy Director for Science and Technology, DS&T provides support to CIA and the rest of the Intelligence Community in the collection, processing, and exploitation of all-source intelligence. The support includes research, development, acquisition, and operations of the technical capabilities and systems. It also has the Foreign Broadcast Information Service.

(3) Directorate for Intelligence (DI): This directorate is headed by the Deputy Director for Intelligence and produces the bulk of CIA’s finished intelligence products. It serves as the executive agent for meeting CIA’s national-level current intelligence production responsibilities. The Directorate for Intelligence is organized regionally as well as functionally.

(4) Directorate for Administration (DA): Headed by the Deputy Director of Administration, this directorate provides all the administrative, personnel, and other support functions necessary for efficient agency operations.

Department of State Intelligence/
Bureau of Intelligence and Research (INR)

The Department of State, through its Bureau of Intelligence and Research (INR), overtly collects information relevant to US foreign policy concerns. It is the oldest national intelligence organization and can trace its roots to the first US intelligence directorate created by the Continental Congress, the Committee for Secret Correspondence. The State Department views intelligence and the military as an extension of policy. INR has two primary responsibilities: substantive intelligence and coordination.

To fulfill its substantive intelligence mission, INR provides raw and finished intelligence to the State Department from the Intelligence Community, produces finished intelligence of its own for the State Department, and participates in writing Community-wide intelligence assessments and estimates. INR focuses on timely, policy-oriented research in support of key problems facing policy officials.

In the coordination arena, INR coordinates, for the State Department, US intelligence activities to ensure that they support US foreign policy interests. In this capacity, INR is in liaison with the Central Intelligence Agency, the Defense Intelligence Agency, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, and other members of the National Foreign Intelligence Community. It represents the Department of State on the National Foreign Intelligence Board (NFIB), the National Foreign Intelligence Council (NFIC), and the various DCI committees which work on programs, priorities, and substantive problems dealing with intelligence collection and analysis.

As a result of their two primary responsibilities, INR is charged to supply intelligence information to meet policy needs, to provide a professional foreign service intelligence analyst’s view of developments overseas, and to ensure that the Department of State benefits from and contributes to the workings of the Intelligence Community. Unlike the other large US intelligence organizations, INR does not have field representatives to collect intelligence. Instead, they rely on information gathered by the Foreign Service, CIA, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, DoD intelligence components, FBI, as well as information available in scholarly publications and in the press. The primary focus of INR’s daily briefings, special analysis, and other products is on the specific needs of the Secretary of State and the Secretary’s principal assistants.

The largest part of INR’s staff falls under the Offices of Regional and Economic Affairs and the Offices for Coordination and Research. The primary function of these offices is to produce analyses of developments and issues that are, or will be, of concern to policy makers. These offices are responsible for preparing the regional and other special summaries, for briefing senior officers, and for preparing the INR contributions to Community-wide assessments and estimates.

In addition to producing political, sociological, economic (on free-world), and military (limited) intelligence on foreign countries, it also disseminates reports received from US diplomatic and
consular posts abroad to the rest of the community. The Bureau of Intelligence and Research also supports the Department of State in its role as the lead agency for terrorist threats and attacks against US citizens overseas. It works closely with the FBI and Federal Aviation Administration on countering various terrorist activities.

Department of Energy Intelligence (DOE)

The Department of Energy’s (DOE) mission is to contribute to the welfare of the United States by providing the scientific foundation, technology, policy, and institutional leadership necessary to achieve efficient energy use, diversity in energy sources, a more productive and competitive economy, improved environmental quality, and a secure national defense. As part of its program, DOE owns and operates the various national laboratories with the assistance of private contractors.

The Office of Energy Intelligence (OEI) is one part of DOE’s overall strategy to accomplish their mission. It is one of the smallest intelligence organizations of the Intelligence Community. Unlike most national members of the Intelligence Community, the Office of Intelligence is not budgeted through the National Foreign Intelligence Program (NFIP), but rather through DOE itself.

The OEI has two basic missions. First, it has an internal mission to provide reliable, sufficient, and timely intelligence support to the Secretary of Energy, DOE policy and decision makers, organizations, installations, and operations. Second, it has an external mission to provide intelligence support to the National Foreign Intelligence Community, Federal and State law enforcement organizations, and all others authorized by the Secretary of Energy to receive departmental intelligence and intelligence operational support.

In order to fulfill its missions, the OEI has seven basic responsibilities:

(1) Director serves as the Senior Intelligence Officer (SIO) for DOE.

(2) Provides daily support to the Secretary of Energy and senior DOE policy makers.

(3) Serves as intelligence liaison with the intelligence community at all levels.

(4) Is the intelligence coordination point within DOE for headquarters, field and laboratory intelligence activities.

(5) Approves DOE Special Compartmented Information Facilities (SCIFs), clearances, and intelligence information systems.

(6) Is responsible for DOE intelligence collection requirements.

(7) Develops and provides special ad hoc and technical training for other agencies.

Although DOE is primarily a consumer of national intelligence, its Office of Energy Intelligence does produce and disseminate intelligence for policy makers throughout the government and the Intelligence Community. OEI does not have a formal intelligence collection capability, however, it does openly collect political, economic, and technical information concerning foreign energy matters and nuclear weapons tests.

Department of the Treasury Intelligence

The Department of Treasury became a formal member of the National Foreign Intelligence Community (NFIC) in 1971 as a result of the increasing importance placed on economic intelligence. Although the Department of the Treasury is not formally engaged in intelligence collection activities, it does openly collect foreign financial and monetary information in countries where a treasury attaché is posted. It also assists the Department of State in the collection of general foreign economic information.

When compared to the larger intelligence agencies, the Department of the Treasury’s Office of Intelligence is very small. It is primarily a consumer of national intelligence. The Office of Intelligence focuses on current intelligence issues in support of Department of the Treasury functions. Its primary function is to keep the Secretary of the Treasury informed of events so he can better support Cabinet activities. The Office of Intelligence runs a small 24-hour-a- day watch center and coordinates with other members of the Intelligence Community on developing the National Intelligence Estimates (NIEs).

Currently some of the key topic areas monitored by the Treasury include Third World debt problems, economic sanctions, development of new market economies, and the flow of money. Treasury intelligence is involved in tracing the flow of money, money laundering activities, counterfeiting, and identifying links with Community counter narcotics and counterterrorist analysts. Tracing the flow of money also supports efforts to monitor weapons proliferation activities.

Although the Office of Intelligence is the only official Treasury intelligence organization with Community responsibilities, the Internal Revenue Service within the Department of Treasury also has intelligence responsibilities. The IRS assists the Intelligence Community in the areas of money laundering and tax evasion since these activities often relate to narcotics, terrorism, and illegal weapons purchases.

Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)

The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is headquartered in downtown Washington, D.C. The FBI Intelligence Division (INTD) has the primary responsibility for counterintelligence (CI) and coordination of counterintelligence activities within the United States. The FBI also conducts counterintelligence activities outside the United States in coordination with CIA and military services. As a secondary responsibility, the FBI serves as the lead agency for any and all terrorist attacks or threats within the United States.

In its role as the lead agency for CI within the US, the FBI/INTD is responsible for collecting, analyzing, and exploiting information to identify and neutralize the activities of foreign powers andtheir agents which may adversely affect US national security. They carry out this responsibility through CI investigations and analysis. The FBI/INTD recently redesigned its CI strategy to meet the needs of a post Cold War era. The new strategy is called the National Security Threat List (NSTL).

The NSTL is divided into two main categories: Country Threats and Issue Threats. These threats are identified by the FBI and the Department of Justice in cooperation with the Department of State, and are reviewed annually. Country Threats is a classified listing of foreign countries and entities which pose a strategic intelligence threat to US national security and interests. Issue Threats is a list of intelligence activities of any foreign power directed specifically against identified issues deemed detrimental to US national security and interests.

There are four criteria used to determine whether or not a particular country or entity should be placed on the NSTL Country Threat list: the observed level of intelligence or terrorist activity by a country/entity; nature of the intelligence target; capability of the country/entity; and the political, military, or economic alignment with the US.

Currently there are eight Key Issue Threats on the NSTL.

(1) Terrorism
(2) Espionage
(3) Proliferation
(4) Economic Espionage
(5) Targeting the National Information Infrastructure
(6) Targeting the US Government
(7) Perception Management
(8) Foreign Intelligence Activities

In addition to its investigative roles, the FBI also uses analysis to carry out its CI missions. The research and analytical functions of the Intelligence Division was initiated in 1973 at the recommendation of the President’s Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board (PFIAB). Although the INTD is actively involved in Community-wide intelligence assessments and activities, its primary focus is to provide research and analytical support to international terrorism and foreign counterintelligence investigations conducted by the FBI.

Department of Homeland Security (DHS)

The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) has, as its primary responsibility, the identification and assessment of vulnerabilities within the United States that domestic and international terrorists could target. Additionally, Congress has tasked DHS to coordinate the information flow between national, state, and local entities involved with monitoring and countering terrorist activities.

The Directorate for Information Analysis and Infrastructure Protection (IAIP) represents DHS within the Intelligence Community (IC). As a full IC member, IAIP coordinates with the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), the Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI), and other agencies in establishing collection priorities and strategies on terrorist threats against the US. Also IAIP
is charged with improving procedures for sharing timely, actionable intelligence with federal, state, local, territorial, tribal, and private sector partners. IAIP also ensures that information gathered from relevant DHS field operations, such as at borders and ports, fuses with information from other members of the Intelligence Community to produce accurate and helpful intelligence products and services at both the tactical (local) and strategic (national) levels.

Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)

The Drug Enforcement Administration’s Office of National Security Intelligence (DEA/NN) became a full member of the Intelligence Community (IC) in 2006. The designation of DEA/NN as a member of the IC, however, does not grant DEA new authorities, but instead formalizes a long-standing relationship between DEA and the IC. Beginning in the early 1970s, the DEA and the IC have had a history of partnering for purposes of identifying and disrupting illegal drug trafficking. DEA/NN’s membership in the IC should facilitate further the exchange of information and the leveraging of expertise for counter narcotics interdiction. It should also further creative collaboration between those organizations involved in countering the threats from narcotics trafficking, human smuggling/trafficking, immigration crimes, and global terrorism.

As a member of the IC, DEA/NN now has the task of providing drug-related information responsive to IC requirements. The conduit for passing drug-related Intelligence data between DEA and the IC is El Paso Intelligence Center (EPIC) in El Paso, Texas. Established in 1974, EPIC initially focused on the U.S.-Mexico border, and its primary interest was drug movement and immigration violations. Today, EPIC still concentrates primarily on drug movement and immigration violations. However, because these criminal activities are seldom limited to one geographic area, EPIC’s focus has broadened to include all of the United States and the Western Hemisphere where drug and alien movements are directed toward the United States. Staffing at the DEA-led center has increased to over 300 analysts, agents, and support personnel from 15 federal agencies, the Texas Department of Public Safety, and the Texas Air National Guard. Information sharing agreements with other federal law enforcement agencies, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police and each of the 50 states ensure that EPIC support is available to those who need it.

The DEA has the largest US law enforcement presence abroad with 86 offices in 63 countries and it has over 33 years of operational experience in the foreign arena. In this light, the DEA has many unique contributions to make toward issues of national security. The membership of the DEA/NN in the IC better equips the Community to face the global threats of the 21st century.

Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA)

As noted previously, Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara created the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) in 1961 to integrate the military intelligence efforts of all DoD elements. The Director of DIA, Lt General Ronald L. Burgess, Jr, reports directly to the Secretary of Defense
(SECDEF), through the Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS), in fulfilling his national-level and unified command intelligence responsibilities. The Defense Intelligence Officers (DIOs) are a part of DIA’s Policy Support Directorate and have functions and responsibilities within DIA paralleling those of the National Intelligence Officers (NIOs).

DIA’s initial charter to unify the intelligence efforts of DoD and to eliminate unnecessary duplication of effort has expanded over the past 45 years. Today, it coordinates DoD capabilities for collection, production, and dissemination of intelligence; and provides for the most efficient allocation of DoD Intelligence resources in support of national-level decision makers and the warfighter. With its analytical center located on Joint Forces Base Bolling (formerly Bolling AFB) in Washington, DC, DIA satisfies the foreign intelligence and counterintelligence requirements of the Secretary of Defense (SECDEF), the Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS), and the Combatant commands. It also supports other Defense components and non-Defense agencies as appropriate.

DIA has the following primary intelligence missions and responsibilities:

(1) Major provider of finished military intelligence to national consumers.

(2) Coordinates all DoD intelligence collection requirements for departmental needs.

(3) Functional manager and lead agency for Measurement and Signature Intelligence (MASINT).

(4) Operates the National Defense Intelligence College (NDIC) and the Joint Military Intelligence Training Center (JMITC) which collectively provide intelligence education and training for personnel throughout the Intelligence Community.

(5) Manages the Defense Attaché System (DAS) and its Attaché Training School. The DAS is DIA’s only solely owned and operated collection service. The DAS provides the community with overt and legal collection of military and political-military intelligence.

(6) Manages the Armed Forces Medical Intelligence Center (AFMIC) and the Missile and Space Intelligence Center (MSIC).

(7) Oversees the General Defense Intelligence Program (GDIP) budgeting system.

National Security Agency (NSA)

Communications have always been an essential concern for intelligence. Both national policymakers and our military leaders want to protect their own communications while being able to intercept or decode their adversaries’ communications. In order to unify and coordinate defense cryptologic and communications security functions, the National Security Agency (NSA) was formally created by an Executive Order issued by President Truman in 1952 to bring about the most effective, unified application of all US SIGINT resources.
The NSA, located at Fort George Meade, Maryland, is responsible for the centralized coordination, direction, and performance of all cryptologic functions for the US Government. It has both an offensive and defensive responsibility. On the offensive side, it collects, processes and disseminates signals intelligence (SIGINT) for the Department of Defense (DoD) and national foreign intelligence purposes with the help of the military services’ cryptologic elements. Defensively, NSA is the executive agent for information security (INFOSEC) which is comprised of communications security (COMSEC) and computer security (COMPUSEC) for DoD.

Although SIGINT is not finished intelligence, NSA does provide specially controlled SIGINT products directly to military commands worldwide, to US governmental consumers, and to producers of all-source intelligence. The National Security Agency supports each National Intelligence Officer (NIO) with a senior topical or regional specialist called a Signals Intelligence National Intelligence Officer (SINIO). SINIOS and other NSA representatives are assigned to facilitate the exchange of information and conduct liaison on operational matters throughout the Intelligence Community and with SIGINT consumers.

National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA)

On 1 October 1996, the National Imagery and Mapping Agency (NIMA) — the forerunner to the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) — came into existence. It consolidated all DoD imagery and geospatial resources and management into a single organization, absorbing the Defense Mapping Agency (DMA), the Central Imagery Office (CIO), and the Defense Dissemination Program Office. All imagery support resources at the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA), the Defense Airborne Reconnaissance Office (DARO), and CIA’s National Photographic Interpretation Center (NPIC) also became part of NIMA. Additionally, personnel involved with the exploitation and dissemination of imagery at the National Reconnaissance Office transferred to the new organization. In 2003, NIMA became the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) with a work force numbering approximately 9,000. The new name reflects the expanding scope of imagery, including the latest technological developments in optics, electronic cartographic and photogrammetric equipment, electronic computing, communications and imagery. As both a combat support and an Intelligence agency, NGA has customers both inside and outside DoD.

National Reconnaissance Office (NRO)

The National Reconnaissance Office (NRO) is an agency within the Department of Defense (DoD) responsible for ensuring that the country has the technology and capabilities to acquire superior intelligence worldwide. It accomplishes this mission through research and development, acquisition, and operation of spaceborne and airborne data collection systems. Intelligence gathered by the NRO is used to monitor arms control agreements, to provide indications and warning of possible hostilities, and to plan and conduct military operations.

The NRO is responsible for:

a. Carrying out consolidated reconnaissance programs for specialized intelligence.

b. Responding to tasking in accordance with procedures established by the DCI.

c. Delegating authority to the various departments and agencies for research, development, procurement, and operation of dedicated means of collection.

The primary focus of the National Reconnaissance Office is the operation of overhead reconnaissance systems.

Military Services Missions and Functions

Beginning in the 1990s, and especially after the terrorist attacks on New York and Washington in September 2001, major changes took place in the organization and structure of the US military intelligence system. In March 1991, when Dick Cheney was Secretary of Defense (SECDEF) under the first President Bush, he began consolidating existing combatant command and component intelligence processing, analysis, and production activities into regional joint intelligence centers. This resulted in the formation of the Joint Intelligence Centers (JICs). Secondly, he recommended that the military services retain only the minimum amount of intelligence manning needed for support of current military operations. And finally, the SECDEF wanted to have each service consolidate each of their existing service intelligence commands, agencies, and elements into a single intelligence command.

The Army, Navy, Air Force and Marine Corps intelligence elements collect, produce, and disseminate military and military-related foreign intelligence and counter-intelligence in support of their respective services. The military services are responsible for monitoring the development, procurement, test and evaluation, and management of tactical intelligence equipment and systems. This material does not normally circulate in the national intelligence community, but the analysis performed at the various research, production, and analytical centers is often used in national-level publications. When their intelligence activities are in response to national requirements (as opposed to tactical requirements of local commanders), the military services operate in accordance with direction from the DCI and in coordination with the CIA (outside the US) or the FBI (inside the US).

Army Intelligence

The Army fulfills the tactical intelligence requirements of Army commanders, but it also contributes to national requirements related to the military capabilities of global land forces. The primary mission of Army Intelligence is to provide timely, relevant, and accurate intelligence and electronic warfare support to tactical, operational, and strategic commanders in order to reduce uncertainty and risk to US forces and permit effective application of force.

Army Intelligence is run through the Deputy Chief of Staff, G-2 (DCS/G2) in the Pentagon, and the Intelligence and Security Command (INSCOM), headquartered at Ft Belvoir, Virginia. INSCOM is the Army’s strategic intelligence organization and its primary collection asset.Subordinate INSCOM elements collect all-source intelligence information in response to Army, Unified Command, DoD, and national-level intelligence requirements.

The Army’s primary analytical and production functions is conducted at the National Ground Intelligence Center (NGIC) located at Charlottesville, VA. It is tasked to provide worldwide ground forces intelligence for the Deputy Chief of Staff for Intelligence, Department of the Army and the Defense Intelligence Agency.

Air Force Intelligence

The Deputy Chief of Staff for Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (DCS/A-2), located in the Pentagon, has overall responsibility for the Air Force’s intelligence programs, and represents the Air Force within the Intelligence Community. The DCS/A-2 provides decision-makers with assessments on foreign military air-related activities and intentions, including up-to-date threat, targeting, and order of battle information to support the rapid application of air power worldwide.

The Air Force’s primary organization for producing air-related intelligence is the National Air and Space Intelligence Center (NASIC) at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio. NASIC comes under the Air Force Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Agency (AF/ISR), headquartered at Lackland AFB, Texas. Formerly known as the Air Intelligence Agency (AIA), AF/ISR activated on 8 June 2007, and reports to the DCS/A-2 as a HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Air_Force_Field_Operating_Agencies” \o “List of United States Air Force Field Operating Agencies” field operating agency. The agency organizes, trains, equips and presents assigned forces and capabilities to conduct intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance for combatant commanders. It also implements and oversees the execution of Air Force policies intended to expand ISR capabilities.

NASIC, through the DCS/A-2, provides direct military intelligence support to national-level decision-makers; and, through AF/ISR, to operational air component commanders. This support includes electronic combat, foreign technology, treaty monitoring, weapons systems evaluations and foreign threat-related data.

In the collection arena, the Air Force intelligence program is one of the most technical. It operates many national reconnaissance platforms for Intelligence collection. Although the amount of national support provided by Air Force Intelligence is significant, the focus of its activities is on supporting the operational commanders and their aircrews.

Navy Intelligence

The US Navy intelligence program is managed by the Director of Naval Intelligence (DNI). Navy Intelligence primarily focuses on satisfying the Navy’s intelligence needs, especially for fleet support. It is responsible for monitoring all the navies of the world and merchant shipping. Other missions include indications and warning, weapons/ sensor system assessment, intelligence support of planning, and counterintelligence/ security. The bulk of Navy intelligence operations falls under the Office of Naval Intelligence (ONI).

The Office of Naval Intelligence engages in HUMINT, MASINT, and SIGINT collection, primarily in support of fleet operations. The Navy’s scientific and technical intelligence and General military intelligence analysis and production is also accomplished by ONI in the National Maritime Intelli-
gence Center (NMIC) located in Suitland, Maryland. The Navy’s intelligence organization produces and disseminates products throughout the community on scientific and technical information, operational intelligence, ocean surveillance information, automation and telecommunication support, and fulfillment of overt collection requirements.

Marine Corps Intelligence

Marine Corps Intelligence is headed by the Marine Corps’ Senior Intelligence Officer (SIO), the Director of Intelligence. The SIO is assisted by the Commandant of the Marine Corps’ principal staff officer and functional manager for all-source intelligence, counterintelligence, and cryptologic matters. The SIO also serves as the Director of the Marine Corps Intelligence Activity (MCIA). The MCIA supports the development of Marine Corps plans, doctrine, force structure, training, exercises, and acquisition policies.

The primary mission of Marine Corps Intelligence is to support Marine Corps expeditionary forces and amphibious operations that are not provided by theater, other services, or national intelligence elements. Its intelligence efforts rest solely on the tactical levels. The Marine Corps is the country’s “Force-In-Readiness.” It can mobilize for worldwide duties on short notice, conducting a broad spectrum of missions ranging from presence to forcible entry. The Marine Corps can operate unilaterally, or with US forces, allies, or any combination thereof.

The Corps is also unique because it integrates intelligence with command, control and communications into a single organization (C4I). Through a triad of organizations (HQ USMC, Marine Corps Development and Education Command, and Fleet Marine Forces), the Marine Corp ensures that timely and sound intelligence is available to operational commanders. Marine Corps intelligence elements are primarily consumers of disseminated intelligence and not really producers. However, the Marine Corps does work with the Navy and the Coast Guard at the National Maritime Intelligence Center performing scientific and technical analysis as well as all-source intelligence production.

Coast Guard Intelligence

The U.S. Coast Guard joined the Intelligence Community on 28 December 2001. As the only uniformed service not under the Department of Defense, its Intelligence responsibilities will focus on U.S. homeland security issues. The decision to include the Coast Guard in the Intelligence Community was a direct outcome of the terrorist attacks on New York and Washington during September 2001. NFIC membership will require some internal organizational changes inside the Coast Guard to bring it into compliance with the laws governing Intelligence activities inside the United States. For the Coast Guard to continue its traditional law enforcement and regulatory functions, it will need to separate its collection operations, in much the same manner as the FBI counterintelligence mission is detached from its law enforcement tasks. Establishing the required “firewalls” between Intelligence activities and traditional information collection activities will not come overnight. However, to begin the process, the Coast Guard created an Intelligence Directorate (CG-02) on 2 January 2002, replacing the Office of Intelligence. In February 2002, a Working Group started development of an implementation plan to bring the Coast Guard into legal compliance with laws and Executive Orders on Intelligence. Until 2003, the US Coast Guard cameunder the Transportation Department; but on 1 March 2003, the Coast Guard officially transferred to the Department of Homeland Security. Security issues unique to the Coast Guard, including the movement of illegal aliens into the US via sea transport, counter-narcotics, port security, and maritime security, also transferred.

THE INTELLIGENCE COMMUNITY

The Intelligence Community (IC) refers in the aggregate to those Executive Branch agencies and organizations that conduct a variety of Intelligence activities which comprise the total US national Intelligence effort. The Director of National Intelligence (DNI) is the head of the IC; and, as such, is the principle Intelligence Advisor to the President and the National Security Council. Only the CIA is autonomous and not under a cabinet-level department of government; however, like the other fifteen members of the Intelligence Community, the CIA comes under the DNI for budgetary matters and policy guidance on Intelligence issues.

THE UNITED STATES INTELLIGENCE COMMUNITY
SHAPE \* MERGEFORMAT
KEY POLITICAL AND INTELLIGENCE LEADERS

President: Barack H. Obama
Vice-President: Joseph Robinette Biden, Jr
Secretary of Defense: Leon E. Panetta
Secretary of State: Hillary Rodham Clinton
National Security Advisor: Tom Donilon
Director of National Intelligence: Lt Gen James R. Clapper
Principal Deputy Director of National Intelligence: Stephanie O’Sullivan
Director of the Intelligence Staff (ODNI): LTG John F. Kimmons
Director of Central Intelligence: Gen David H. Petraeus
Deputy Director of the Central Intelligence Agency: Stephen R. Kappes
Chairman, National Intelligence Council: Christopher A. Kojm
Undersecretary of Defense for Intelligence: Thomas A. Ferguson (Acting)
Director, Defense Intelligence Agency: LTG Ronald L. Burgess, Jr
Deputy Director, Defense Intelligence Agency: Robert Cardillo
Director for Intelligence–JCS/J-2: RADM Michael S. Rogers
Director, National Security Agency: LTG Keith B. Alexander
Director, National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency: Letitia Long
Director, National Reconnaissance Office: Gen Bruce Carlson
Secretary of the Treasury: Timothy F. Geithner
Secretary of Energy: Dr Stephen Chu
Director, Federal Bureau of Investigations: Robert S. Mueller, III
Secretary of Homeland Security: Janet A. Napolitano
Under Secretary for Intelligence and Analysis (DHS): Caryn Wagner

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KEY MILITARY FIGURES

Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff: ADM Michael G. Mullen
Vice Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff: GEN James E. Cartwright
Secretary of the Army: John McHugh
Army Chief of Staff: GEN George W. Casey, Jr
Army Deputy Chief of Staff/Intelligence (G-2): LTG Richard P. Zahner
Secretary of the Air Force: Michael B. Donley
Air Force Chief of Staff: Gen Norton A. Schwartz
Air Force DCS/Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (A-2):
Lt Gen Larry D. James
Secretary of the Navy: Ray Mabus
Chief of Naval Operations: ADM Gary Roughead
Director of Naval Intelligence: VADM Kendall L. Card
Commandant of the Marine Corps: Gen James T. Conway
Marine Corps Director of Intelligence (DIRINT) BGen Vincent R. Stewart
Commandant of the U.S. Coast Guard: ADM Robert J. Papp, Jr
Assistant Commandant for Intelligence: RADM Cynthia A. Coogan